Highlights and Commentary
By Roy Weitz
(Originally posted October 1, 2000)
[Archive Table of Contents]

Hanging tough: In case you missed it, the past few years have been tough ones for value funds of all stripes.....Nevertheless, this month's FundAlarm Honor Roll contains 22 diversified, domestic value funds that have managed to outperform their respective benchmarks over the past 12 months, three years, and five years:

The FundAlarm "Value" Honor Roll
Large-cap value:Mid-cap value::
Bridgeway Social Responsibility (BRSRX)WM Growth Fund of Northwest (CMNWX)
Enterprise Growth and Inc Y (ENCEX)Small-cap value:
Excelsior Value & Restruct (UMBIX)Bridgeway Ultra-Small Co (BRUSX)
Hancock Large Cap Value A (TAGRX)Royce Low-Priced Stock (RYLPX)
Hancock Large Cap Value B (TSGWX)State St Research Aurora A (SSRAX)
Heritage Capital Apprec A (HRCPX)State St Research Aurora B (SSRBX)
Heritage Capital Apprec C (HRCCX)State St Research Aurora C (SSRDX)
Legg Mason Value Nav (LMNVX)Balanced value:
Legg Mason Value Prim (LMVTX)Invesco Balanced Inv (IMABX)
Nations Blue Chip Inv A (PHBCX)Jamestown Balanced (JAMBX)
Salomon Bros Capital O (SACPX)Van Kampen Equity-Income A (ACEIX)
Vanguard Growth & Income (VQNPX)Van Kampen Equity-Income B (ACEQX)

"Value," of course, is a relative term, and getting more relative by the moment.....Some (most?) of the funds above stretch the traditional definition of value but, on the whole, we think the classification is appropriate.....Flexibility has been the key to recent success for most of these funds.....If we're entering a more difficult period for stocks in general, and it seems that we are, flexibility is likely to be a desirable attribute.



Shep Perkins
Select Wireless
By the time you read this, Fidelity's new Internet-funds-by-any-other-name will be up and running.....Shep Perkins is in charge of Fidelity Select Wireless and Jed Weiss has been handed the reins of Fidelity Select Networking and Infrastructure.....Perkins had a six-month tenure as manager of Fidelity Select Medical Delivery (August 1999 through February 2000), during which time the fund lost about 15% of its value.....Otherwise, he has spent his three years at Fidelity in analyst positions, most recently following communications and utility stocks.....Thus, Perkins actually has a few months of relevant experience in the sector he will be managing -- a remarkable coincidence at any Fidelity Select fund..... Continuing with remarkable coincidences, Weiss also has some recent experience as an analyst of semiconductor and networking stocks, and about three years of experience overall with Fidelity.

Jed Weiss
Select Networking &
Infrastructure


When Fidelity finally decides to enter a sector, and the company launches a Select fund, there seems to be some notion among investors (and certain financial journalists) that the sector has finally "arrived".....Historically, however, Fidelity's presence in a particular sector has meant little in terms of performance, and the mere presence of Fidelity in the Wireless and Networking/Infrastructure sectors is likewise no guarantee of future success.....As shown by the table on the accompanying page, 34 Fidelity Select funds have been in existence for at least 60 months.....Over the past five years, six of these Select funds have returned less than U.S. Treasury bills, 12 have returned less than the Vanguard Balanced Index, and 20 (59% of the total) have trailed the Vanguard Total Market Index fund.....If you decide to invest in the new Fidelity Select non-Internet Internet funds, you certainly won't be alone.....Just remember that "Fidelity Select" is not the same as "Fidelity Guaranteed."


Them need a proofreader!




Certain aspects of the money management business never cease to amaze us -- for example, the whole area of hidden trading costs.....Large consulting firms exist solely to help institutional investors (such as mutual funds) minimize their trading costs, yet individual fund investors hear almost nothing about the issue.....How can this be?....For one thing, it's a technical area.....For another thing, most people don't give a hoot.....But hoot or not, the numbers are astonishing.....According to The Plexus Group (www.plexusgroup.com), a typical buy of a large-cap stock can easily incur costs equal to 1% of the purchase price, and a sale can cost about the same, for a round-trip cost of 2%.....For small-cap stocks, it's not uncommon for the buy and sell to be in the neighborhood of 4.5% each.....In other words, when a small-cap fund sells one stock and buys another, the first 9% of return on the new holding merely earns back the transaction costs.

For folks who trade stocks on their own, these numbers probably seem impossible.....But remember, the major costs incurred by institutional investors don't exist for individuals.....The Plexus Group talks about trading cost in terms of an "iceberg".....The visible part of the iceberg consists of brokerage commissions and market impact costs (price movement while an order is in the broker's hands).....Although these can be substantial, they're often dwarfed by two other hidden costs: "delay" and "missed trades"......"Delay" occurs when orders are sitting on a fund's trading desk, but aren't released to the broker because the trader is afraid of swamping the market....."Missed trades" are a natural consequence of delays: If the price moves too much before the trade can be completed, the manager will pull back on the trade.

The graphic below is a small (and unreadable) version of The Plexus Group transaction cost "iceberg".....Click within the blue border to view the full-size graphic.


Click to view full size

There's a lesson in all of this for mutual fund investors, and the lesson is probably older than either of this year's presidential candidates: If you have a choice (and you almost always do), it's better to invest in smaller funds, and low turnover is also a plus.....Smaller funds minimize the cost of market impact, delay, and missed trades.....Low-turnover funds, by definition, don't pay a lot of brokerage commissions.


"What happens to individual investors when institutional investors are active in a stock? Do individuals become the mice trampled by the elephants' dance?".....Those are the questions posed by Wayne Wagner, of The Plexus Group, in a short piece that he's allowed us to reproduce on the accompanying page.....It's a good read if you actively trade individual stocks -- or you're tempted to do so.


Let's face it: A lot of the tax planning tips that you read in newspapers, magazines and (gasp!) Web sites either don't apply to your situation, or the potential savings aren't worth your time and effort.....But tax planning for mutual fund losses is different: It's a relatively simple strategy, there's a good chance that you can take advantage of it, and the savings can easily run into the hundreds of dollars for a few minutes of work.

To understand how you can benefit from tax-loss planning, let's say you invested $10,000 in Monument Internet fund at the beginning of this year, and the shares are worth $7,000 on October 15 (we're ignoring any dividends).....You're now the proud owner of a $3,000 short-term capital loss, which you can "recognize" by selling the shares.....You can use your recognized loss to offset an equal amount of recognized gains, if you have them.....You can also use your $3,000 loss (the maximum amount allowed per year) to offset ordinary income, such as salary, dividends, and interest.....In the latter case, your tax savings will depend on your tax bracket: In the 39.6% bracket, a $3,000 loss can save as much as $1,188 in taxes......In the 15% bracket, the tax savings are lower ($450), but most people would consider even that amount worth their while.

If you engage in this kind of classic tax planning, you need to watch out for the classic tax trap: the "wash sale".....The best way to understand the wash sale rule is to imagine a world without wash sales: In a wash-less world, you could sell Monument Internet at 12:00, buy the shares back at 12:01, recognize a $3,000 loss for tax purposes, and still have exactly the same economic position that you had at 11:59....Not bad for two minutes of work.....The wash sale rule is the government's way of saying this: "If you are going to benefit from a capital loss, your economic position must be significantly altered for a reasonable period of time"......Congress has determined that 30 days is such a reasonable period.....Therefore, in our example, if you acquired an equal number of Monument Internet shares 30 days before or after you sold them, your loss would be disallowed (technically, suspended).

Is there a way to beat the wash sale rule?.....Hey, it's the tax law: Of course there is.....The wash sale rule applies only to acquisition of the same or "substantially identical" mutual funds....The trick is to identify an investment that is similar to Monument Internet, but not the same or substantially identical.....How about RS Internet Age?.....Looks good, and now your strategy is complete: On October 15, you sell your shares of Monument Internet, and reinvest in RS Internet Age.....You maintain your exposure to the Internet sector, without missing a day, and you get to deduct a $3,000 capital loss without running afoul of the wash sale rule.....Thirty days later, you can safely sell your shares of RS Internet Age and reacquire Monument Internet, or you can stay with RS Internet Age.....In most cases, we suspect, you'll want to keep the shares of the new fund.

FundAlarm readers already know the following, but we have to say it anyway: For all but the simplest transactions (like our example), you should consult a tax advisor.....The strategies above only apply to taxable accounts.....Tax-loss planning may result in professional fees and transaction costs, especially if you trade through a mutual fund supermarket..... But try to keep your perspective: The tax savings can far outweigh the costs, and this is still one of the freest lunches around.


The mutual fund industry wants to protect you! As we discussed last month, "folios" are do-it-yourself baskets of stocks that have some potential, in the long run, to siphon business from conventional mutual funds.....In a recent letter to the SEC, the top lawyer and tattletale for the Investment Company Institute (the mutual fund trade association) urged the SEC to regulate folios as mutual funds.....This, of course, would make folios more expensive, more difficult to market, and less of a potential threat to established funds.....For the record, the folks who sell folios are equally adamant that folios aren't mutual funds.....Ultimately, the SEC decision will turn on arcane points of securities law, about which FundAlarm knows little.....But in the short run, the tactics of the fund industry should be familiar to any kid who ever wanted to let the air out of an opponent's tires just before the start of a big bicycle race.


Our old friend Porky waddled into the office the other day, picking up his mail and saying hello after a lazy summer.....As usual, Porky brought news about some of his soulmates at the trough:
The long and the short of it:

The long:
Here's Ralph Wanger, head of the Acorn funds, quoted in a June 2000 press release. Wanger had just agreed to sell his funds to Liberty Financial:
"This merger makes sense. Liberty Financial will give us access to a strong distribution company, and the Acorn Funds will complement the Liberty Fund family's current product offerings"

The short:
Here's Ralph Wanger, head of the Acorn funds, quoted in Investor's Business Daily, September 21, 2000:
"There's a lot of change in the market; that's why I sold"


Time to shine some light on this issue? If a mutual fund wants to buy shares in a non-U.S. company, it often has two choices: Buy the shares directly on a foreign exchange, or buy ADRs (American Depositary Receipts).....ADRs are certificates that represent shares of a foreign company held on deposit in a home-country bank.....ADRs trade on U.S. stock exchanges, and they're designed to avoid many of the legal and practical problems that come from directly owning foreign shares.

Theoretically, an ADR should track the price and performance of its underlying stock very closely.....In the real world, this is seldom the case, and ADRs are often both more volatile and more expensive than the stocks they're designed to shadow.....Recently, for example, Janus Global Technology had about a 1% position in the ADR of Taiwan Semiconductor, at a time when the ADR was selling for a substantial premium over the market value of the underlying shares.....At least two funds, Newport Tiger and Putnam International New Opportunities, refused to pay the ADR premium, and they chose to invest directly in Taiwan Semiconductor via the local stock market.....Sometimes, a fund manager has good reasons for choosing the ADR over the underlying stock, and liquidity often leads the list.....Other times, fund managers get lazy, or they guess wrong, and it turns out that owning the ADR was a mistake.

We took at look at recent shareholder reports for about a dozen international funds, all of which own ADRs, and we didn't find a single mention of the manager's ADR strategy, or a separate review of ADR performance.....For example, how and why did the manager decide between ADRs and underlying stocks?.....In cases where the underlying stock was available, and the manager decided to buy the ADR (or vice versa), did the manager make the right decision?.....What effect did ADRs have on the volatility of the fund?.....We're not asking for a lot: Just a little sidebar discussion would be nice.
"New Math for ADRs," Maggie Mahar, Bloomberg Personal Finance, September 2000


Bob Markman runs several funds-of-funds, and Markman has recently been an outspoken critic of traditional diversification and asset allocation theory.....Now, it appears that Markman also has a bone to pick with the calendar:


Source: www.markman.com.
Thanks to "Ted," an esteemed regular on the FundAlarm Discussion Board



More problems with the calendar, or a very old fund manager:



Putnam International Voyager, from the Putnam Web site


Briefly noted:
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FundAlarm © Roy Weitz, 2000